Comrades and Rivals: Evaluating Sino-Soviet Influence on China’s Development in 1950s–1960s

Abstract:

During the 1950s and 1960s, Sino-Soviet relations were marked by fluctuating dynamics. The two communist powers had a close relationship as the USSR provided economic and military aid to China, and China provided land and infrastructure. However, tensions began to arise as Mao Zedong's leadership in China became more independent and assertive, leading to ideological differences between the two nations. The Soviet Union also began withdrawing its support for China's nuclear program, further straining their relationship. Despite these challenges, Sino-Soviet relations significantly influenced China's development during this period. China received significant support including aid and expertise from the Soviet Union, which was instrumental in developing China’s nuclear program and crucial industries. Nevertheless, the interactions and influences were two-sided: not only did the changing relationship encourage China to focus on developing its military and economy, but it also caused a devastating natural disaster—the Great Chinese Famine.

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